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ARC 497a - Research Methods


Architectural History Research
Fall 2007

Links to Architecture and Landscape Architecture subject pages:

New Subject Page

Ye old favorite subject page:

Assembling a Bibliography

When beginning your work on an annotated bibliography, understand how your sources should be cited. Ask your instructor which citation style is preferred. If a specific style is not required, pick one and stick with it. Understand that citation styles apply to essays in festschrift, images, book reviews, movie clips, interviews, etc.

The library has an excellent site for styles to use: Citation Guide

Examples of different bibliographic citation styles for a book:

Prose, Francine. The lives of the Muses: nine women & the artists they inspired. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. (Chicago - Humanities Style)

Prose, Francine. 2002. The lives of the Muses: nine women & the artists they inspired. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. (Chicago - Author-Date System)

Prose, Francine. The lives of the Muses: nine women & the artists they inspired. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. (MLA)

Prose, Francine. 2002. The lives of the Muses: nine women & the artists they inspired. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. (Turabian)

Footnote vs. Endnote
A footnote appears within the actual text, at the foot of the page, whereas an endnote appears at the very end of an article or a chapter but before the bibliography. Oftentimes, endnotes for all chapters will appear at the back of the book. Footnotes are preferred by many as they provide readers an ease of reference (given that the notes are close to the text). Endnotes are preferred when writers run the risk of lengthy and unwieldy footnotes. Endnotes are good places to quote or discuss supplementary material (lengthy quotations, tables, graphs). **Like bibliographic entries, endnotes and footnotes are structured in different ways depending on the citation style you select.

Bibliographic Style Manuals & Tools
Refer to the following resources for citation examples and explanations. Be sure to familiarize yourself with the different bibliographic styles for citing captions, illustrations, figures, etc. Useful examples can be found in Barnet's Short Guide to Writing about Art N7476 .B37 Main library (pages 262 and 303) and the Chicago Manual of Style Z253 .U69 2003 Fine Arts Library (refer to "Illustration reproduction" or "captions" in the index).

The Chicago Manual of Style


MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. (2003) 6th ed. LB2369 .G53 2003 Fine Arts Library


Where Credit is Due: a Guide to Proper Citing of Sources, Print and Nonprint. (1997) 2nd ed. PN171.F56 S35 1997 Main Library


A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. LB2369 .T8 Main Library


A Short Guide to Writing about Art. N7476 .B37 2002 Main Library
Refworks: Users can create their own personal research database of citations to books, journal articles, and web pages, by importing references from online databases. They can use these references in writing their papers and automatically format the paper and the bibliography. Citations initially captured with RefWorks can subsequently be exported to other citation programs, such as Endnote, ProCite, or Reference Manager.

Refworks is a wonderful, free tool. You will never have to type a bibliography again. Please ask your instructor to set up a lessons for the class with the librarian.

Beginning Your Research

1. Research & Writing Guides
The following art history research guides will help you get organized in terms of kicking off your research and structuring your paper:

Writing about Visual Art. (2003)- EBOOK
Writing about Art. (1999) - N7476 S29 1989 Main Library

 Dissertation: an Architecture Student's Handbook.  - NA2108 B67 2006 Fine Arts Library
Learning to Look: a Handbook for the Visual Arts. N5305 .T3 Main Library
History of Art: a Students' Handbook. (1997) - N380 P56 1997 Main Library

2. Understanding What UA  Library Has in the Collections at the Main Library and Fine Arts Library


The University of Arizona Library has 4+ million volumes available in 5 different libraries on campus, including the Fine Art (Music and Architecture Library).Sabio is the central catalog and searches every UA library EXCEPT for the Law Library, which has its own catalog,

- Search the library catalog by names, subject headings, or keywords. Don't enter punctuation within search terms. You may have to try several different strategies depending on your topic. Do not hesitate to contact Paula Wolfe, Fine Arts, Architecture and Landscape Architecture Librarian, if you have questions or need additional help.
- Once you find something that you want to see, note where the item is located (it may not be in A&A), note its call number, and note its status (checked out, in process, etc.).

Books: This category includes exhibition catalogs, artists' books, museum collection catalogs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, dissertations, graphic novels, etc.

To find books on a specific artist, search the artist's name as either an AUTHOR or SUBJECT. The artist is often listed as the "author" for exhibition catalogs. Be sure to look at the artist's catalogue raisonnés and art monographs; also note if you're looking at a primary or secondary source. For more information on researching a specific artist / architect in Sabio click here.

The Architecture Collection has over 22,000 books covering the fields of architecture, design, landscape architecture and urban planning.

Excellent books for the study of urban planning and landscape architecture are also housed in the Main Library and Science Library respectively. The Architecture Collection also has approximately 120 journal titles in the same fields. In some cases, due to space considerations, titles may be found at the Main or Science Libraries.

Browsing the architecture books these are the call numbers by subject.

Electronic Books

While searching for books in Sabio you may come up with electronic books by title. You can also search by subject in two databases, NetLibrary and EBRARY. There are over three hundred books on architecture available electronically with more being added as they become available.

Magazines/Journals/Newspapers: This category includes publications that come out in parts at scheduled intervals of time. They may be published annually, quarterly, monthly, weekly, daily, etc. Each interval of publication is called an issue; issues make up a volume. Issues and volumes are identified by a number and/or date. Be sure to note this information when retrieving a journal from the stacks.

Archives / Special Collections: U of A Library has many special collections and archives available to students. While many of the collections' holdings are searchable through Sabio, many have their own separate catalogs or finding aids. See Special Collections.

3. Getting the Basics Straight

Art & Architecture Style Guides and Glossaries - If you are unsure about what category or time period your art object falls into or if you are new to architectural history research, the following resources are helpful. They answer basic questions and often include additional reading suggestions:

ArtSpeak: a Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords. N6490 .A87 1990 Main Library


Artspoke: a Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944. N6447 .A85 1993 Main Library


American Architecture Since 1780: a Guide to the Styles.

NA705 .W47 1992 Main Library


Architectural Styles: an Historical Guide to World Design. NA204 .P6 Fine Arts Library

Art & Architecture History Survey Texts - Whether you use your own survey text or one of the following suggestions, all of these resources have detailed indexes that will help you answer some of the questions list above. Oftentimes, additional readings will be included at the end of each chapter that could help you start your bibliography.

History of Art: A student handbook N380 .P56 Main Library.


Gardner's Art through the Ages. N5300 .G25 1996 Fine Arts Library.


Architecture in the United States: a survey of architectural styles since 1776. NA705 .H33 Fine Arts Library


The crowning of the American landscape: eight great spaces and their buildings. SB470.53 .C74 1985 Fine Arts Library


American buildings and their architects. Multiple volumes NA705 .P5 1970 Fine Arts Library

Researching a Building

Questions to Ask

Places to Look

Who: designed it?

Who commissioned it?

Who, person or firm built it?

Who worked, lived in it?

Architectural Guidebooks / Dictionaries & Encyclopedias / Biographical Resources / Journal Articles / Newspaper Articles

What type of building is it?

What is its function?

What is its style?

Have changes have been made?

What materials were used?

Architectural Guidebooks / Journal Articles / Newspaper Articles / Architectural Drawings

What is its place in architectural design? Are its precedents or is this a first?

What are its features?

What condition is it in?

What is its relationship between its function and style?

Architectural Histories / Architectural Style Guides / Dictionaries & Encyclopedias / Theses & Dissertations

What was critical response to it?

What was the local reaction

What was public opinion?

What  was the political reaction?

Journal Articles / Newspaper Articles / City Histories / Archives

Is it Technologically advanced?

Where did construction materials come from?

Where does it fit into the architect's/designer's career?

Architectural Histories / Biographical Resources / Theses & Dissertations

Why is this building important?

Why was it designed the way it was?

Why was it altered (if it was)?

Architectural Histories / Journal Articles / Theses & Dissertations

When was it commissioned?

When was it designed, built?

Was it altered?

Architectural Guidebooks / Dictionaries & Encyclopedias

How does it compare to similar structures? How does it relate to its environment?

How does its interior and exterior design relate?

How has its appearance and functionality changed?

How is it still serving its original purpose?

Architectural Histories / Journal Articles / Newspaper Articles / Theses & Dissertations /Archives

Understanding Different Analyses

Stylistic Analysis: This type of analysis discusses an art object or structure in terms of how it fits into or relates to a stylistic category, e.g. Classical, Romanesque, Gothic, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, etc. Discuss how historical contexts factor into the way something may or may not fit into a defined style. Examples of stylistic analysis:

- entries in art & architecture dictionaries and encyclopedias
- critiques
- theses and dissertations
- exhibition reviews in journals / magazines / newspapers

Formal Analysis: In this type of analysis, you provide a detailed description of the building's formal qualities, i.e. design, color, line, texture, scale, contrast. Look at the structure and write down what you see. Examples of formal analysis:

- essays in exhibition catalogs
- essays in survey texts
- exhibition reviews in journals / magazines / newspapers
- guidebooks or encyclopedias - especially useful for architectural topics

Iconographical Analysis: Here, you identify a particular element that appears in the building or its design and discuss how that same element occurs in other designs and how this architect's representation of it is unique. You may also discuss what the element means or what its place is in the overall discipline of art and art history.

Examples of iconographic analysis:

                 

The iconography of Correggio's Camera di San Paolo, Erwin Panofsky

Iconography and electronics upon a generic architecture : a view from the drafting room, Robert Venturi NA680 .V44 1996 Fine Arts Library


Meaning in the visual arts, Erwin Panofsky N7445 .P22 Fine Arts and EBOOK

The iconography of Islamic art : studies in honour of Robert Hillenbrand, Bernard O’Kane N6260 .I32 2005 Main Library


Encyclopedia of comparative iconography: themes depicted in works of art N7560 .E53 1998 Main Library Reference
theses and dissertations
journals / magazines

Images Resources


For a complete list of the Library's image resources, click here.

American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920: This teaching collection from the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University comprises the lantern slides from the schools of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and City Planning, which were combined in 1936 to form the Graduate School of Design. Approximately 2,800 images are available.

ARTstor: is a non-profit initiative, founded by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, with a mission to use digital technology to enhance scholarship, teaching and learning in the arts and associated fields. The ARTstor Digital Library Charter Collection is: A repository of hundreds of thousands of digital images and related data, the tools to actively use those images; and a restricted usage environment that seeks to balance the rights of content providers with the needs and interests of content users.

American Menory: Architecture and Landscape

From the Library of Congress. Also Photographs from the prints and photographs division.

ArtServe: Art and Architecture mainly from the Mediterranean Basin: Searchable access to around 150,000 images - all concerned in some way with the history of art and architecture. Results come up in pages with thumbnail images, usually expandable to maximum width or height of 400 pixels. You can also browse by artist, country, or medium, as well as survey area. It also covers primarily ancient, Gothic, and Renaissance, through 19th century periods.

Associated Press Photo Archive: Image database of over one million primary-source photos from the 1840s to date. The AP Photo Archive is update daily. Every photo contains a complete caption and citation information.

Buildings and Structures Gallery:

An image site with photographs of structures from around the world. Search by architectural period.

Design Center for American Urban Landscape Image Database

DCAUL Image Bank contains over 17,000 images related to urban design issues (focusing on the Twin Cities metropolitan region).

Digital Imaging Project (Bluffton College): A collection of images from the classical Greek period to the Post-Modern consisting of architecture and sculpture that is arranged by name of the architect or artist, location, or date. There is also a section of women architects' work, with information on more than 60 buildings by Julia Morgan. All images include a date and a description. Though it's a personal web page, the images are helpful and several will cover a single building or monument.

Grove Dictionary of Art: Features some but not all of the illustrations and photographs in the print version as well as the Bridgeman Art Library's 40,000+ links to art images in galleries and museums around the world.

Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) and the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER): These collections document achievements in architecture, engineering, and design in the United States and its territories through a comprehensive range of building types and engineering technologies including examples as diverse as the Pueblo of Acoma, houses, windmills, one-room schools, the Golden Gate Bridge, and buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Administered since 1933 through cooperative agreements with the National Park Service, the Library of Congress, and the private sector, ongoing programs of the National Park Service have recorded America's built environment in multi-format surveys comprising more than 350,000 measured drawings, large-format photographs, and written histories for more than 35,000 historic structures and sites dating from Pre-Columbian times to the twentieth century.

Librarian’s Internet Index: Resource site that adds new architecture resources every week with an amazing amount of information. One can search the site by topic, building, architect etc.

Medieval Architecture in France: A collection of images of French architecture from the Middle Ages. Included for many of the buildings are maps of locations, floor plans, photos, and brief descriptions. There is an illustrated Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture.

Philadelphia Architects & Buildings: As of August 2004, this database contained 216,850 projects and buildings, 20,164 architects, engineers and contractors, and over 49,920 images. Includes structures primarily in Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Delaware and Montgomery Counties, all the Philadelphia Historical Commission list of significant buildings, and the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission’s inventory of historic structures. All local buildings represented in the Athenæum and the University of Pennsylvania architectural collections, as well as the original architectural holdings of such institutions as the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Library Company of Philadelphia are included in the database.

Society of Architectural Historians Image Exchange

SAH Image Exchange is an image database for teaching architectural history. Illustrated monuments span history and geography.

 

Vitruvio

A searchable database of historical and contemporary architecture.

Page by Paula Wolfe with borrowing from library web pages, Berkeley, UNLV, and Yale, and others, thanks!.